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The principle of typification is a systematic approach in classification, wherein representative examples, or types, are designated to embody a particular category. This method establishes a standard reference for identification and comparison, enhancing clarity and consistency in scientific, linguistic, or cultural contexts. Typification facilitates effective communication by providing a tangible benchmark, ensuring a shared understanding of diverse entities within a given classification system. This abstract encapsulates the essence of typification as a foundational principle fostering precision and uniformity in categorization.

Agroforestry and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are fundamental strategies for promoting sustainability and advancing the United Nations' global development agenda across various production landscapes worldwide. Despite their critical importance, these strategies have traditionally been examined independently. However, this study highlights the potential alignment between agroforestry (AGF) and multiple SDGs, emphasizing the need to prioritize AGF implementation alongside robust policy support to maximize its benefits. By offering a comprehensive understanding of synergistic approaches to selecting agroforestry practices, the study demonstrates how an integrated approach can effectively deliver diverse ecosystem services while aligning with the majority of SDG priorities. The assessment conducted in this study reveals that, especially in the current climate change context, agroforestry can directly contribute to key SDGs such as poverty reduction (SDG-1), promotion of food security (SDG-2), sustainable urban development (SDG-11), climate action (SDG-13), and biodiversity conservation (SDG-15). Moreover, the indirect benefits of agroforestry extend to supporting other SDGs by enhancing women's empowerment, improving health and education outcomes, and facilitating universal access to clean water and energy across society.

The presence of Rhodamine-B in eatables has set alarm bell ringing at the food safety and standards of our nation. Rhodamine, traditionally used in textile industry is a bright coloured dye which is potentially carcinogenic to human and animals. The issue first came into light after Tamil Nadu's food safety officer's lab tested the well-known soft confectionery- "Cotton Candy". After this finding a swift wave of actions are being taken by other states as well to check for presence of such chemicals in related confectionery items and similar bright coloured products. This article focuses on detailed uses of Rhodamine-B and its hazardous effect upon consumption by the animals, along with the government norms for the regulation of food additives. This paper also discusses some of the important related events in the course of recent history.

Participatory Research is a process of collaborative learning undertaken jointly by professional researchers and local community members, leveraging the stakeholders? respective strengths and skills to develop solutions that are scientifically valid and, most importantly, imbued with local wisdom and cultural context. For instance, in traditional sectarian society like ours, if all women get a chance of self-introduction in a group of village women club, it will help them to see the similarities in their situation. This act of introduction, a very small act in itself, has tremendous effect on their confidence and creates familiarity among themselves. Assembly of the group and discussion on certain problems will lead to collective and systematic analysis of the situation. This paper reflects the Participatory Research (PR) process at conceptual level with the help of two structural diagrams which motivates to strengthen the existing experimental capacity of women farmers and to encourage continuation of the innovations process under local control.

Agroforestry systems are not just systems where trees and crops/animals produce products useful to farmers, but rather systems where trees and crops/animals interact. Thus, there is concern that the presence of a plant can change the environment of neighbouring lands, creating a favorable balance between negative and positive plant interactions that increases total yield, reduces yield variability, and conserves resources. Interaction simply means the effect of one component on the growth and functioning of other components. In agroforestry systems, trees are grown close to crops and pastures, and their efficiency depends largely on the ability to share different growth resources under certain environmental conditions. There are various interactions between the woody component and herbaceous plants (crops or pastures), called the tree-crop interface, which can be both below and above ground. These interactions occur through the medium of soil and microclimate factors that can have beneficial or detrimental effects on yield and vice-versa. Interaction studies help to understand how the components of agroforestry use and share environmental resources and how the growth pattern of one component affects the growth pattern of another component. Agroforestry places great emphasis on interactions, which are often overlooked but remain relevant.

Agroforestry has become progressively more recognised as a land management strategy that can help with both adaptation and alleviation of climate change while resolving many of the issues that smallholder farmers are dealing with. In addition to improving livelihoods, agroforestry can help farmers adapt to harsh and unpredictable weather conditions and slow down global warming. Agroforestry promotes the ecosystem services provided by trees, including controlling sediment and water flows, cycling carbon and nutrients in soils, and creating habitat for a variety of wildlife. It also helps in less soil erosion, enhanced fertility, increased carbon storage in soil or tree and improved control of pests and flooding. Agroforestry assists smallholder farmers by increasing farm productivity and minimising the need for external inputs like conventional fertilisers and pesticides, which increases profits.

Bacteriocins are antimicrobial substances produced by bacteria which inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains in their ecological niches for self-preservation and competitive advantage. As bacteriocins are colorless, odorless, and tasteless and get easily degraded by proteolytic enzymes due to their proteinaceous nature, this improves their potential usability as "designer drugs" to target specific bacterial pathogens. Bacteriocins show great promise and offer applications as anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, antibiofilm agents and may be considered as an alternative to antimicrobial use. The strong specific activity of bacteriocins against clinical pathogens, even against multidrug resistance strains, offers a possible solution to the growing problem of AMR.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in poultry farming poses a significant threat to public health, necessitating urgent action. Alternative strategies to antibiotic can be used in poultry production, including probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, and organic acids. Transitioning away from antibiotics requires careful consideration of economic, regulatory, and consumer-related factors. A balanced approach is essential to safeguard animal welfare, public health, and the viability of the poultry industry.

In tropical developing nations, seaweed farming is a fast-expanding business that has enormous promise for ensuring food security, generating money, and improving environmental health. The infrastructure of seaweed farming has developed throughout time, as it has transitioned from more conventional ways that were carried out nearshore to more contemporary advancements such as semi-automated and offshore systems. To maintain their integrity over the long term, these systems need to be able to survive weather events that are rare but extreme as well as powerful currents. The business is seeing several rising developments, including the co-cultivation of seaweed alongside other species, as well as the integration of seaweed farms alongside offshore renewable energy projects. Infrastructure for seaweed farming has the potential to enable high productivity as well as competitive harvesting and reseeding operations, which will contribute to the sustainable development of coastal towns.

Insecticide resistance is the mechanism of detoxification of synthetic chemical insecticide through various methods that involve several detoxifying enzymes as well as metabolic pathways, which are directly controlled by the over-expression of some resistant genes expressed at specific loci at the insect chromosomes. The resistance can be broken by extraction or modification of that gene involved, which in turn changes the expression pattern of several xenobiotic compounds inside the insect body. This review article comprises several resistant genes involved in insecticide resistance in rice brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), along with molecular methods involving genetic alteration of resistant genes involved in resistance.

Dragon fruit (Hylocerus undatus), introduced as a new crop for low rainfall zone and rocky barren land, is gaining rapid popularity amongst farmers. It is a nutritious fruit with a variety of uses as pulp, constituting 70-80% of the ripe fruit. Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), an herbaceous perennial climbing cactus, widely known as Pithaya fruit or Kamlam fruit, has recently drawn much attention among the Indian growers, not only because of its attractive red or pink color and economic value as fruit, but also valued for its high antioxidant potential, vitamins and minerals content. It is known to prevent colon cancer, diabetes and neutralizes toxic substances such as heavy metals; reduces cholesterol and high blood pressure. The fruit is rich in vitamin C, phosphorus and calcium resembling kiwi fruit in flavour. Although the initial investment is relatively high, but the crop becomes remunerative in 4-5 years. Fruits remain fresh under room temperature conditions. The crop is hardy and can survive under any type of climatic condition favorable for flowering and fruiting with soil condition having good drainage.

The traditional foods processed and prepared by women in the North-eastern region are deeply intertwined with their socio-cultural, ecological, spiritual life, and health. These foods, made from local ingredients like soybean, bamboo shoot, tree bean, lai patta (leafy mustard), and Brassica juncea, not only showcase the creativity and food heritage of tribal women but also reflect their knowledge in sustaining life and ecosystems. Each state in the Northeast region has its own variations in processing these foods, influenced by cultural practices, climate, and local ingredients. These ethnic foods play a crucial role in the dietary system, being rich in nutrition and culturally significant for various festivals and ceremonies. For instance, the Nepali community living among the Adi tribe in Arunachal Pradesh prepares gundruk, a fermented food made from lai saag (leafy mustard), which is popularly served as chutney or with curry. Similarly, the Bhutia tribe in Sikkim ferments rai seeds to make a food that aids digestion and relieves stomach issues. Overall, the processing and preparation of ethnic foods in the Northeast region reflect a deep connection to nature, community, and cultural heritage, highlighting the importance of traditional knowledge in sustainable living.

Diet of mudcrab Scylla serrata consists of crustaceans, mollusks, fish flesh, detritus, debris and undigested flesh. The presence of detritus, debris and undigested flesh items in the stomachs suggested that the crabs are detritivorous species consuming fresh and decaying flesh of all kinds of finfish and shellfish. The detritus comprise of many materials like body parts of invertebrates, mud and sand with decaying organic matter. The source of semidigested flesh could not be identified unless accompanied by fish bones or scales or crustacean fragments. The sand particles might have entered the stomach during the feeding process. However, the feeding ecology of this crab depends on the source or abundance of its food in the environment. Fattening and grow out culture of mudcrab uses different types of flesh of finfish and shellfish and is becoming popular due to better economic returns.

The article "Privatization of Agricultural Extension in India" explores the dynamics, strategies, and implications of transitioning extension services from the public to the private sector. Beginning with an introduction to the concept, it delves into various strategies employed, including reorienting public sector functions, encouraging institutional pluralism, and enhancing client-oriented services. Factors influencing privatization, such as information commercialization, mechanism of information transfer, infrastructure development etc, are thoroughly examined. The article elucidates the advantages of privatization, such as increased efficiency and innovation, alongside its disadvantages, including concerns about equitable access and potential commercialization. Through a comprehensive analysis, this article sheds light on the complex landscape of agricultural extension privatization in India, culminating in a conclusion that emphasizes the need for careful governance and stakeholder collaboration to harness its potential benefits while mitigating risks.

In rural Bihar, where many people leave their homes and go out of Bihar in search of jobs, there's a bright story of hope: Amardeep Kumar's journey of empowering rural Bihar through entrepreneurship. He has witnessed migration since his childhood and has dreamed of changing this trend. Starting with very little money, he founded Morang Desh Venture Pvt. Ltd. He aimed to create jobs locally and stop migration from villages. The company makes incense sticks and has helped many rural women and families to earn a livelihood at their birthplace. Amardeep's venture stands as a symbol of hope, empowerment, and progress in rural Bihar.

Waste management and waste disposal has become a major hurdle in most of the urban and semi-urban areas throughout the world. Especially, in India where the production of household waste as well as domestic animal wastes (including cattle) is accumulated in huge heaps, generates 62 million tons of waste, of which 70% are collected, only 12 million are handled, and 31 million are disposed of in landfills has still to learn to handle them. This article highlights the importance and suggests a holistic approach to manage such wastes. However, there is no single solution to these issues, the solution depends on the type of wastage, demography of the area and types of climates existing in the locality.

The fusion of artificial intelligence (AI) and agriculture has propelled the emergence of smart farming, marking a transformative shift in traditional agricultural practices. This article explores the multifaceted realm of smart agriculture, delineating its various steps, types, and applications. By harnessing the power of AI, smart farming offers unparalleled opportunities to optimize resource utilization, enhance productivity, and promote sustainable agricultural development. Through a comprehensive examination of innovative farming principles and real-world applications, this article elucidates its pivotal role in cultivating progress and fostering resilience in the face of evolving global challenges.

The Gulf of Mannar, located between the tip of India and the northwest coast of Sri Lanka, is home to a marine ecosystem that is vital for many species, including the endangered seacow, or Dugong (Dugong dugon). Despite its importance in terms of ecology, the seacow population in the Gulf of Mannar is facing threats primarily due to habitat degradation, human activities, and illegal fishing. This piece consolidates existing research on the conservation status of seacows in the Gulf of Mannar area. Suggests strategies to address these threats and support the recovery of the seacow population. Based on research, community involvement programmes, and policy frameworks, these conservation strategies include protecting habitats, establishing marine protected areas, enforcing regulations, collaborating with stakeholders, running public awareness campaigns, and conducting research. By combining these approaches, stakeholders can protect both the seacow population and their environment in the Gulf of Mannar region. This will ensure the longterm preservation of this species and safeguard the biodiversity and ecological balance within this area.

Probiotics, which are microbial additives used in food and feed, has been increasingly studied in recent decades for their potential to enhance the health of both humans and cattle. Studies in aquatic environments have highlighted issues such as decreased crop yields and environmental degradation, underscoring the need for innovative solutions. The application of probiotics in aquaculture methods has become crucial for addressing challenges like disease resistance, optimal organism development, and improved feed efficiency. A key aspect of their effectiveness lies in their ability to colonise the gastrointestinal tract, thereby extending their benefits to the host organisms. Functions such as bioremediation, which improves water quality, and biocontrol, involving treatments against pathogens, further underscore the versatility of probiotics in aquaculture. In addition to their role in maintaining environmental balance and disease control, probiotics offer direct benefits to aquatic organisms. They can enhance nutrient absorption, bolster stress resilience, and support reproductive health. Commercially available probiotic products now encompass a diverse range of microorganisms, including both bacteria (both Grammemepositive and Grammeme-negative) and non-bacterial agents like bacteriophages, microalgae, and yeasts. This broad spectrum of probiotic options reflects ongoing efforts to optimize their efficacy across different aquatic environments and species.

Plasticulture, focusing on its environmental, social and economic impacts over the past decade. It examines the integration of plastic materials into agricultural practices, highlighting its benefits such as energy conservation and superior properties. However, it also delves into the adverse effects of plastic pollution on soil health, livestock, poultry and human health, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives. Through a comprehensive review of research findings, the article underscores the importance of mitigating the detrimental effects of plasticulture to ensure the long-term well-being of soils, ecosystems and human populations.

Farm women are more vulnerable in spite of their immense contribution in agriculture. They are overloaded with the burden of unpaid activities both in home and farm front. Women face a number of challenges in leading their livelihoods. Therefore, the livelihood of farm women should be analyzed with suitable approaches and strategies should be developed for enriching it. Some parameters identified for enriching life and livelihood were: quality food, full employment, better education, leadership, decision making, participation, access to resources, etc. In this context, ICAR-CIWA took initiative to introduce some women friendly technologies like mushroom cultivation, backyard poultry rearing, duckery, vermi composting, fish fry production, fish cultivation, goat farming, value addition, etc. The impact of technology was also assessed in which the livelihood of farm women was found to be enriched with enhanced knowledge, skill, income, nutrition, employment, access, mobility and reduced drudgery.

In order to overcome challenges in various propagation methods and to achieve rapid scale of mulberry saplings production, the use of an advanced technique known as "Mini clonal Technology" is emerging. In this method, apical cuttings with active terminal bud having two to three terminal juvenile leaves were taken and rooting is artificially induced by auxin treatment. Base of apical cuttings were dipped in rooting hormone like Indole-3 Butyric Acid (IBA) which was synthesized exogenously to stimulate root growth with concentration of 3000 ppm and 5000 ppm for V1 and MR2 variety respectively. The root trainers were filled with Soil: Coir pith: FYM (1:1:1). The saplings are ready to plant on 60th day. The main objective of mini clonal technology is to generate quality mulberry saplings rapidly at low cost with effective utilization of space and time compare to other methods of propagation.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are growing as harmful contaminants in smoked and smoke-dried fish and its products. The techniques of smoking and different parameters are contributing to the PAH load in smoked fish products. The following article provides an insight into the PAHs and their sources and pathways to fish, effects on human health and future prospects in smoked fish and different smoked products available in the market. It may be concluded from the available research reports on PAH levels in smoked fish that the smoked fish and its products are not safe for human consumption according to the regulation limits provided by the European Union (EU). Therefore, it is necessary to implement proper guidelines and regulations for producing safer product to avoid the health hazards caused by these smoked products.

The integration of big data analytics has revolutionized pest management in agriculture, offering advanced tools for prediction, monitoring, and control. Machine learning techniques have enhanced predictive modeling, allowing for more accurate forecasts of pest outbreaks and associated risks. Remote sensing technologies, such as satellite imagery and drones, enable real-time monitoring of crop health and pest activity, facilitating early detection and intervention. Integrated pest management strategies prioritize sustainability by incorporating diverse datasets and analytics to manage pest populations while minimizing environmental impact. Precision agriculture practices optimize resource utilization and maximize crop yields through data-driven decision-making. Despite challenges related to data interoperability and privacy, the adoption of big data analytics in pest management promises improved decision-making, sustainability, and resilience in agricultural systems.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a vital fruit crop in Telangana, India, but post-harvest diseases threaten its production, causing significant economic losses. This study examines the prevalence, impact, and management of post-harvest diseases in Telangana's mango production, emphasizing integrated disease management. Recommendations for efficient harvesting, handling, storage, transportation, and marketing are provided to mitigate losses and enhance competitiveness. By integrating cultural, biological, physical, and chemical control methods and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, Telangana can sustainably manage post-harvest diseases, ensuring the long-term success of its mango industry.

The sugarcane industry in Maharashtra's, Beed district heavily relies on migrant labourers, primarily couples to meet production requirements. But these workers endure harsh living conditions without basic necessities such as proper sanitation and clean drinking water. The strenuous working conditions, societal taboos around menstruation, and financial stress have led to an increase in hysterectomies among female sugarcane labourers. In recent years thousands of women in Beed district had undergone this surgery contributing to Maharashtra's status as the leader in hysterectomy rates nationwide. Mukadams play an important role in organizing labour and ensuring timely production, act as intermediaries between labourers and sugar mills. The pressure to meet targets can result in exploiting and endangering the health of female workers. They might choose to have hysterectomies to avoid fines or loss of income due to pregnancy and menstruation. This article highlights the intricate economical, social and health implications faced by female cane cutters of Maharashtra shedding light on the immediate need for better working conditions and support systems in the industries.

Cotton, known as 'white gold,' holds significant importance in India, grown extensively in states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana and Tamil Nadu. Bt cotton, introduced in 2002, initially helped to control pests effectively. However, since 2014, a rise in Pink Bollworm (PBW) infestations has posed challenges for farmers across India. Traditional pesticides are proving ineffective due to the pest developed resistance. In response, farmers are seeking eco-friendly alternatives. A promising solution is the SPLAT (Specialized Pheromone and Lure Application Technology) and PB Knot rope, offering rain resistance, easy application, long-lasting effectiveness and cost efficiency. This novel mating disruption technology could be the key to managing the pink bollworm menace in Bt cotton cultivation.

White worms are composters and feed on decaying plant- and animal-based organic matter under natural conditions. Thus, these worms can be cultured on a variety of feeds considered wastes, including the byproducts of brewery, bakery and other food processing industries, as well as proteolyzed yeasts prepared in paper and pulp plants. This dietary flexibility provides the culturist with the potential to develop mutually beneficial local partnerships and generate favorable publicity. white worms were high in protein (49-69%) and lipids (10-27%) and low in ash (5-8%), indicating that they would meet the dietary needs of species requiring a high protein, relatively high lipid, low ash diet. Compared to fatty acid profiles reported for standard live feeds like rotifers, Artemia, and copepods, white worms provided less n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content (DHA 0-0.5%, EPA 2-18%, total LC-PUFAs 4-25%), with the highest levels in worms fed mixed produce or sugar kelp. White worms exhibit many attractive characteristics as feeds, but commercialization will require improved culture techniques to produce greater worm biomass while reducing production costs. Depending on the target species, white worms may need enrichment to increase n-3 LC-PUFA levels.

Digital technologies have the potential to revolutionize Indian agriculture, leading it towards sustainability through enhanced farm productivity and broader access to market information for all farmers. Drones, which are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), serve a multitude of purposes in agriculture, spanning from crop cultivation to agro-forestry. Crucially, agricultural experts may utilize high-resolution drone data to evaluate crop fertility, which helps them plan and repair irrigation systems, save waste, and apply fertilizer more precisely. Additionally, the technology can be especially useful in the wake of natural catastrophes like floods, assisting farmers in assessing damage across areas that would not be easily accessible on foot. According to agricultural drone market analysis report 2028, the agriculture drone market size is predicted to grow at 35.9% CAGR between 2023 & 2028, reaching a value of $17.9 billion by 2028. There are several challenges which hinder the adoption of drone technology in agriculture need to be addressed for its implementation in large scale in India.

Phytochromes are vital photoreceptors in plants, facilitating responses to light and temperature changes. They undergo reversible conversion between inactive (Pr) and active (Pfr) forms, crucial for perceiving and adapting to light variations. Recent research delves into the molecular mechanisms governing phytochrome activation, including chromophore isomerization. Temperature profoundly influences phytochrome dynamics, impacting the equilibrium between Pr and Pfr forms and modulating phytochrome-mediated signaling pathways. Notably, temperature-sensitive photobodies, where active phytochromes accumulate, have been elucidated, shedding light on cellular regulation. Case studies, particularly in Arabidopsis thaliana, highlight tissue-specific responses to temperature changes, revealing the nuanced interplay between light and temperature signaling pathways. Understanding these mechanisms enhances plant biology knowledge and offers insights into agricultural and ecological resilience to climate change.

Apostrophe is defined as Entrepreneur whose main business is agriculture or agriculture-related. The current trend in Indian agriculture is a shift from subsistence agriculture to agribusiness. Although women entrepreneurship made a late entry in India, it is showing huge potential in terms of employment and income generation among women. With adequate skill and institutional support, more and more women could be motivated to be successful agripreneurs which would contribute significantly towards achieving the SDG of Gender Equality through mainstreaming women.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. While extensively studied in humans, diabetes mellitus also affects various animal species, including dogs, cats, and rodents, among others. The etiology of this disease involves a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Certain breeds of dogs and cats exhibits a higher susceptibility to diabetes mellitus, suggesting a genetic component in disease pathogenesis. Clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus in animals resemble those observed in humans and include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and lethargy. Accurate diagnosis is essential and typically involves a combination of clinical signs, physical examination findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Management of diabetes mellitus in animals aims to achieve glycemic control, prevent complications, and improve quality of life. Close monitoring of blood glucose levels and regular veterinary follow-up are crucial for adjusting treatment regimens and optimizing outcomes.

The global population is projected to reach a staggering 9.7 billion by 2050, placing immense pressure on food systems to deliver adequate nutrition for all. Malnutrition, particularly micronutrient deficiencies known as hidden hunger, remains a significant global public health threat. It contributes to a cascade of negative health consequences, including increased susceptibility to infections, impaired cognitive development in children, and a heightened risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease across all age groups. While traditional agricultural practices have focused on maximizing crop yield, this approach often comes at the expense of nutrient density. This article explores the potential of microgreens, nutrient-rich young vegetable greens, as a novel and accessible solution to combat malnutrition. Microgreens boast concentrated levels of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other bioactive compounds, often exceeding those found in their mature counterparts. Their rapid growth cycle and diverse range of cultivable varieties make them ideal for both household and large-scale production, even in urban and peri-urban settings. This article delves into the exceptional nutritional profile of microgreens, explores various cultivation methods, and discusses strategies to optimize their shelf life, paving the way for their wider adoption as a powerful tool in the fight against malnutrition.

Innate immune system of the insects plays vital role in safeguarding the host from various non-self molecules, particularly the bacteria. The Entomopathogenic nematodes are symbiotically associated with the bacteria of the family morganallaceae, together facilitate in the host mortality, though the production of toxins. The EPN species of the two genera share common immunosuppression strategies; however, there are dissimilarities in both the mechanism of evasion and interaction of the two nematodes with the insect host immune pathways. The toxins produced by the bacteria cause the host mortality via., cytotoxicity and disrupting the midgut epithelium. Additionally, these toxins also protect the plants from the biotic and abotic stresses. The genetic analysis has pinpointed crucial genes responsible for mediating and regulating the interaction between the nematode-bacterial complex and its various invertebrate hosts. Additionally, the study has revealed novel families of toxins and an inter-kingdom signalling molecule. Notably, phase variation plays a significant role in governing these diverse functions. Various researchers have suggested the cloning of toxinencoding genes from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus as a potential strategy for generating transgenic plants.

Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) as an innovative agricultural approach that emphasizes natural resources and processes, minimizing the use of artificial inputs like pesticides and fertilizers. The background of this research lies in the negative consequences of chemical farming, which led agriculturist Subhash Palekar to develop ZBNF in India. The aim of this study is to investigate the principles of ZBNF and its benefits for farmers, soil fertility, and the environment. The methodology involves a review of the pillars of ZBNF, including Beejamrutha, Jeevamrutha, Acchadana, and Whapasa, and an analysis of its impact on soil fertility, productivity, and quality. The research also examines government initiatives and state roadmaps for promoting ZBNF. The findings indicate that ZBNF enhances soil fertility, productivity, and product quality, while also assisting farmers in paying off debt and reducing production costs. The implications of this study suggest that ZBNF is an economically and sustainably viable farming technique with the potential to transform agricultural methods.

In the realm of agriculture, the management of pest populations presents an ongoing challenge critical to ensuring global food security. While cultural, biological and mechanical methods offer alternative approaches to pest control, the immediate effectiveness of insecticides makes them indispensable to farmers facing the relentless onslaught of crop-damaging pests. This reliance on insecticides, particularly traditional ones like organophosphates, has led to widespread issues such as the development of insect resistance. However, recent years have witnessed a paradigm shift towards the adoption of novel insecticides with distinct modes of action, addressing both resistance and environmental concerns. By leveraging the unique properties of these compounds, agricultural stakeholders can pave the way for sustainable global food production while mitigating the detrimental impacts of insecticide resistance. This article aims to explore the potential of novel insecticides in enhancing pest control strategies and ensuring the long-term sustainability of agriculture.

Climate change stands as a prominent challenge of our time. The intersection of extensive exploitation of natural resources and unchecked population expansion has brought us to an irreversible point. Agriculture plays a substantial role in overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. With population growth driving up food demand, emissions from the agricultural sector, including GHGs, are on the rise. As a climate performance measure, carbon footprints identify the sources of emissions and opportunities for reduction. The food industry's emission hotspots, which are mostly found at the farm, manufacturing, and post-production phases, draw attention to the sometimes-underestimated contribution of emissions from the farm to overall emissions. Many measures for mitigating the outflow can be used to reduce it from the current levels while still meeting India's increased needs for food production and consumption.

This review paper explores the cultural and economic significance of seven distinctive products from the Indian state of Odisha that have been granted Geographical Indication (GI) tags. The GI tags serve as a testament to the unique qualities, traditional craftsmanship, and historical importance of these products. GI registration not only protects the uniqueness and authenticity of these products but also promotes sustainable development and economic growth for the local communities involved in their production. The paper delves into the background, production methods, and impact on local communities, shedding light on the rich tapestry of Odisha's cultural heritage.

In order to overcome the non-availability of sperm and asynchronous breeding, cryopreservation is a method for long-term gamete preservation employing an ultra-cold temperature of -196 degree C. It allows for the maintenance of a larger and more effective breeding population, as well as the protection of endangered species by preserving genetic variety through the making of a gene bank.

Cryopreservation offers a valuable technique for long-term storage of gametes (sperm and oocytes) and embryos. This technology has revolutionized assisted reproductive technologies (ART) by allowing individuals to preserve their fertility for future use. This abstract discusses the principles behind cryopreservation and its applications in fertility preservation. Key factors affecting success rates and ongoing research for improvement are also briefly addressed.

Effective broodstock transportation is vital for successful aquaculture breeding programs. This article explores strategies to minimize stress and ensure the health of broodstock fish during transport. We discuss the critical factors influencing broodstock well-being, including water quality, temperature, oxygen levels, and handling practices. Furthermore, the potential of natural anesthetics as a tool for reducing stress and improving transport outcomes is explored.

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has revolutionized the landscape of genomic research and clinical diagnostics, offering unprecedented insights into genetic variation, disease susceptibility, and personalized medicine. As the demand for comprehensive genomic analysis continues to surge, the development of high throughput sequencing (HTS) platforms has been instrumental in enhancing the efficiency, accuracy, and scalability of WGS workflows. This article provides an overview of the recent advancements in HTS platforms tailored for WGS applications. We discuss the evolution of sequencing technologies, highlighting key milestones from Sanger sequencing to next-generation sequencing (NGS) and beyond. Furthermore, we examine the integration of HTS platforms with automated sample preparation systems and bioinformatics pipelines to streamline WGS workflows and reduce turnaround times. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with data analysis, interpretation, and storage in the era of big genomic data.

An effective method for analyzing the genetic makeup of complex traits in a variety of taxa, including people, plants, and animals, is quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. QTL studies offer important insights into the genetic basis of variables like disease susceptibility, agronomic attributes, and behavioral traits by finding genomic areas linked to phenotypic variance. The goal of this article is to give a thorough introduction to QTL analysis, covering its foundational ideas, methods, and various applications. The theoretical underpinnings of QTL mapping are covered, with a focus on the statistical methods used to identify and map the genetic areas that affect quantitative traits. In addition, we discuss how improvements in experimental designs?such as association and linkage mapping?allow for the highly accurate and precise identification of QTL. We also emphasize how QTL analysis is multidisciplinary and encompasses genetics, genomics, bioinformatics, and statistical genetics. In order to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying complex traits, we address the integration of QTL mapping with functional genomics techniques including genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and gene expression profiling.

This case study explores the interplay between national and international genetic improvement programs. By examining specific examples (replace with specific examples of programs), it analyzes how national programs leverage international resources and expertise to enhance the genetic potential of crops, livestock, or other organisms. The case study highlights the importance of collaboration in areas like germplasm exchange, breeding techniques, and knowledge sharing. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges associated with international cooperation, such as intellectual property rights and ensuring equitable access to improved varieties. Ultimately, the case study underscores the value of a collaborative approach in accelerating genetic improvement programs and fostering global food security and agricultural sustainability.

Plants, despite their immobility, exhibit remarkable sensitivity to their environment, communicating above and below ground in response to stimuli. Lacking traditional sensory organs, they employ diverse mechanisms for information exchange. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) serve as aboveground signals, alerting neighbouring plants to upcoming threats. In turn, exposed plants trigger defensive compound production. Belowground, the Common Mycorrhizal Network (CMN) facilitates nutrient and defence signal exchange. This article explores above and below ground plant communication, elucidating their complex interaction and response mechanisms.

The study investigates the vital role of plants in bio-remediation processes, capitalizing on their inherent ability to act as nature's clean-up agents. As industries continue to generate pollutants, there is a growing need for sustainable and eco-friendly approaches to mitigate environmental damage. This research delves into the diverse mechanisms by which plants contribute to bioremediation, including phytoremediation, rhizofiltration, and phytoextraction. The exploration encompasses the interactions between plant roots and soil microorganisms, as well as the potential for genetic modifications to enhance bioremediation efficiency. By comprehensively analysing the scientific literature, this study aims to provide insights into harnessing the natural capabilities of plants for effective and environmentally friendly remediation strategies. The findings contribute to the on-going discourse on sustainable environmental management, offering promising avenues for the integration of plant-based solutions into mainstream bio-remediation practices.

Potatoes, one of the major food crops, holds prior place in context of human consumption. Majority of food are now available in the processed form with potatoes constituting the most. Potatoes are a wholesome food due to its high edible energy and nutritive value. It is a major source of carbohydrates and essential nutrients and minerals, vitamins, antioxidants which is necessary part of diet and plays a functional role in maintaining the human body. The article provides a brief insight to the nutritional composition of potatoes along with its health benefits.

Bioprospecting, which is derived from biodiversity prospecting, is the search for micro and macromolecules in natural resources. In several industries, including aquaculture, agriculture, biological remediation, cosmetics, and nanotechnology, this technique has produced commercially viable products. Bioprospecting refers to techniques for resource extraction from biodiversity hotspots, like seas, deserts, and rainforests, employing both contemporary biotechnological techniques and traditional knowledge systems. While overharvesting resources can have serious negative consequences on the ecosystem, it also offers benefits like gene discovery and the usage of biological material. For aquaculture to uncover novel marine organisms with commercial potential for food, medicine, or other products, bioprospecting is essential. In addition to improving fish health and nutrition, this procedure is essential for creating sustainable aquaculture methods. To ensure a more sustainable future, greater bioprospecting research and exploration have the potential to completely transform the worldwide fishing and aquaculture industries.

This article investigates into the multifaceted impact of herbicides on human health, exploring their historical evolution and contemporary risks. The use of herbicides, pivotal in modern agriculture since World War II, has raised concerns about potential health hazards. Inspired by Rachel Carson's seminal work, "Silent Spring," this analysis investigates the health risks associated with herbicides, emphasizing neurological effects, reproductive and endocrine disruptions, carcinogenic potential, and environmental persistence. The discussion highlights the impact of organophosphates and carbamates on the nervous system, manifesting symptoms such as headaches, nausea, and dizziness. Additionally, the environmental persistence of herbicides is addressed, emphasizing soil and water contamination, with potential consequences for aquatic ecosystems and human populations. The abstract emphasizes the critical need for awareness, responsible practices, and sustainable approaches to balance weed control and preserve human well-being.

In the face of escalating climate change threats, Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is imperative, addressing agricultural output, climate resilience, and emissions mitigation. Implementation requires financial incentives, policy support, and technical expertise for farmers. Collaboration among stakeholders, supported by research and innovation, is crucial. Financial mechanisms help overcome adoption barriers. CSA offers manifold benefits, but challenges like knowledge gaps and limited resources persist. United efforts and international cooperation are essential to unlock CSA's transformative potential, ensuring a sustainable and resilient future for global agriculture.

This article delves into the transformative impact of the digital farming revolution, exploring its profound influence on agricultural engineering, the role of policymakers, challenges faced by the agricultural sector, and the remarkable changes it brings to conventional farming practices. The abstract provides a snapshot of the comprehensive examination, highlighting key themes such as resource optimization, enhanced productivity, and environmental sustainability.

Rumen converts lignocellulosic biomass to high-quality food by virtue of the diverse microbiota. The composition of rumen ecosystem is influenced by various factors including diet, individuality, age, geographical location, post-feeding time etc. Earlier culture-based techniques could study rumen microbes partially for the cultivable microbes. But now it is known that about 90% of rumen microbes are unculturable and the knowledge that we have till now seems to be limited. With the advent of new technologies such as next-generation sequencing which studied the whole ruminal ecosystem at one time contributed tremendously to our existing knowledge. Approaches like metagenomics, metabolomics etc. have made it possible to study the structure and function of rumen microbes in their natural environment. Understanding the composition and activity of the microbial community in the rumen is crucial for the improvement of productivity and lessening of environmental pollution in the ruminant livestock industry. Analysis of metabolome and microbiome revealed direct or indirect association for a better understanding of the biochemical and microbial functions of the rumen.

Aquaculture effluent treatment is a critical aspect of sustainable aquaculture practices, ensuring environmental responsibility and resource conservation. Microorganisms play a pivotal role in this process by facilitating the breakdown of organic matter and the removal of harmful compounds from effluent water. This article explores the diverse roles of microorganisms in aquaculture effluent treatment, including their involvement in nitrogen and phosphorus removal, organic matter decomposition, and pathogen control. Various microbial-based treatment methods, such as biofiltration, microbial mats, and constructed wetlands, are discussed, highlighting their efficiency in reducing pollutants and improving water quality. Furthermore, the potential challenges and prospects of utilizing microorganisms for aquaculture effluent treatment are addressed, emphasizing the importance of research and innovation in developing sustainable solutions.

This article delves into the intricate web of mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs), encompassing prevalent threats such as malaria, dengue, filariasis, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and Zika. With nearly 500 million individuals affected by malaria and 100 million by lymphatic filariasis annually, and approximately 25,000 deaths attributed to dengue each year, understanding the global incidence of these diseases is paramount. The control of diseasetransmitting vectors poses a significant challenge worldwide, with synthetic pesticides serving as primary tools for larval and adult mosquito control. However, the emergence of resistance impedes their efficacy. This comprehensive analysis sheds light on the current global landscape of MBDs and underscores the need for sustainable solutions in combatting these pervasive threats.

In the ever-evolving landscape of agriculture, nano urea and nano DAP have emerged as revolutionary fertilizers, promising unparalleled advancements in nutrient management and sustainable farming practices. This article explores the transformative potential of these nano-technological innovations, shedding light on their unique properties and the profound impact they bring to the realm of crop cultivation. The compatibility of nano urea and nano DAP opens doors to simultaneous usage, offering farmers a comprehensive approach to nutrient management. However, cautious consideration of recommended dosages, guidelines, and monitoring crop responses is paramount.

Plant growth is regulated by a small number of groups of naturally occurring compounds that act as hormones are called as growth regulators. The most important growth regulators are auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins, but other compounds such as ethylene and other growth inhibitors, play important regulatory roles in the life of the plant (Sequeira, 1963).

Khadi is one of the icons of India's freedom movement, which derived from the word Khaddar. It is considered as the threads of swaraj. Khadi served as more than simply a fabric?it was a way to reunite Indians with their heritage, their rural villages, and the dignity of hard work. The All-India Spinner Association (AISA) was formed by Mahatma Gandhi. All India Khadi & Village Industries Board (AIKVIB) in January 1953. It was replaced by the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) in 1955. By providing decent work and job creation, the Khadi sector's workforce comprising women, a fair wage ensures economic empowerment; it fulfils various sustainable development goals. Government is taking initiatives like Gramodyog Vikas Yojana and Village Industries, Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI), The Khadi Production Programme, The Khadi Gramodyog, Vikas Yojana, etc to strengthen khadi industry in India.

Desert forestry is a proactive approach to reclaiming arid and semi-arid deserts for ecological, agricultural, and economic purposes. By harnessing innovative methods, such as wastewater treatment, forests like the Serapium in Egypt demonstrate the potential to combat desertification while simultaneously addressing biodiversity conservation and economic growth. This paper explores the Serapium Forest as a case study, highlighting its utilization of treated sewage water for sustainable forest growth, the biodiversity it fosters, and the economic opportunities it presents through timber production.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing Indian agriculture, offering solutions from precision farming to market forecasting. Through AI-powered drones, sensors, and predictive analytics, farmers can optimize crop management, mitigate risks, and improve productivity. Collaborations like Microsoft and ICRISAT's sowing app empower farmers with vital insights. Challenges such as data scarcity and rural infrastructure gaps persist, yet AI holds promise for sustainable farming. Despite climate uncertainties, AI offers resilience through early disease detection and smart irrigation. By embracing AI and fostering collaboration, India can ensure food security and economic prosperity in agriculture.

Agriculture has a significant role in the economy of the whole world since it provides billions of people with food, feed, fibre, and fuel materials. Agriculture has a number of challenges, including the deterioration of land, the scarcity of water, the effects of climate change, and the growth of the population. What are some ways that we may improve the well-being of people while simultaneously preserving the environment and increasing the efficiency of food production? The cutting-edge technology known as eSoil combines hydroponics with bioelectronics in order to better facilitate the growth of plants and to boost agricultural output. According to Mamatha and Kavitha (2023) Hydroponics is a method of cultivating plants that does not need the use of soil and instead depends on water and nutrients as the plant's growth medium. The scientific field of bioelectronics is concerned with the utilisation of electrical impulses for the purpose of communicating with biological processes. eSoil is a conductive substrate that is appropriate for hydroponic cultivation and has the ability to provide electrical stimulation to the roots of plants.

Different fishing activities generate a waste volume related to the processing species (viscera, heads and bones), the discards of the companion fauna, species of low commercial value and the losses related to handling problems. The biological silage could be the technology of choice to promote a sustainable waste management. Studies highlight the possibility of using a wide variety of carbohydrate sources, biological starters and fish waste fermentation conditions. This work could contribute to the fisheries that decide to adopt this kind technology in order to provide an innovative and viable recycling bioeconomy.

In India, most of the indigenous deposits of rock phosphate are low grade. While high-grade quality rock phosphate is used to produce phosphatic fertilizers which are found to be costly. If the low-grade indigenous deposits of rock phosphate are utilized at full extent, in can reduce the cost of P fertilizers and also meet the crop P demand however, technologies by which P from indigenous low grade rock phosphate can be solubilized and utilized as a source of P fertilizer are required that are feasible to be adopted by farmers. They include composting with farm manure, green manuring, partial acidulation of rock phosphate, use of phosphorus solubilizing organisms, etc. Recent technology is the use of naturally occurring zeolites.

The Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a voracious feeder in the maize crop having a typical feeding habit of hiding inside the inner whorl of the maize plant. The final instar larvae are responsible for huge crop loss and yield reduction. That is why, the control of the menace of FAW is now the need of the hour. Although the use of synthetic insecticides gives instant control to the FAW armyworm, the implementation of integrated practices is always advisable because of the insect's hiding behavior. The IPM practices have only the demerit of slow-acting but that is completely eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable.

Lameness remains a significant challenge in the livestock industry worldwide, affecting both animal welfare and farm productivity. It not only affects animal welfare but also correlates with reduced milk yield, feed intake, and reproductive performance. Proper nutrition and management practices are vital for promoting healthy hooves in livestock. This paper reviews the nutritional requirements and management strategies essential for preventing lameness, particularly focusing on dairy cattle. It discusses the importance of amino acids, minerals (such as calcium, copper, zinc, cobalt, and manganese) and vitamins (A, D, E, and biotin) in maintaining hoof health. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of proper feeding management practices, including offering forage before grain, monitoring dry matter intake, analyzing total mixed ration particle size, and incorporating dietary buffers. By implementing tailored feeding and management strategies, it is possible to mitigate lameness issues and ensure sustainable productivity and fertility in dairy cattle herds.

Seagrass ecosystems, often overshadowed by more conspicuous marine habitats, play a vital role in marine ecology and coastal resilience. Seagrasses, the sole marine representatives of Angiospermae, are widely distributed across shallow coastal areas, salt marshes, and estuaries globally. They serve as essential habitats and nursery grounds for diverse marine species, supporting intricate food webs and providing refuge from predators. Seagrass meadows act as filters, stabilizing sediments, improving water quality, and mitigating the impacts of waves and storms on coastlines. Economically, seagrasses contribute significantly to commercial fisheries and nature-based tourism industries. Despite their importance, seagrass habitats face threats from human activities such as trawling, dredging, and pollution. Restoration efforts, including replanting and reseeding techniques, are underway to conserve and restore seagrass ecosystems. Overall, seagrasses emerge as critical "ecosystem engineers" essential for maintaining coastal biodiversity and resilience in the face of climate change and anthropogenic pressures.

Most plant viruses depend on insect vectors for their survival, transmission and spread. They transmit plant viruses by two principal modes, circulative (circulating through the insect?s haemocoel, CV) and non-circulative (carried on the cuticle lining of mouthparts or foregut, NC). Transmissibility and specificity between NC viruses and their vectors depend on the coat protein (CP) of the virus in addition to virus-encoded helper proteins. Circulative viruses cross the gut, circulate in the haemocoel and cross the salivary glands to render the insect infective. Circulative luteoviruses depend on small CP and the read-through protein (RTD) for transmission. Electrical penetration graphs have provided evidence on insect feeding behaviour and virus transmission. Recently, studies have shown that viruses can modify vector behaviour in a way that transmission is enhanced. Cultural, physical and novel biotechnological tools can provide virus control by interfering with vector landing and the retention of viruses in their vectors.

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is the most widely grown solanaceous crop in the world. However, their production has reduced over several years due to the attack of various fungal and bacterial pathogens and various abiotic factors. Still, the major constraints in their production are pathogens with fungal etiology, especially the fungal wilt of solanaceous crops. One among the fungal diseases is Fusarium wilt, caused by the Fusarium oxysporum has emerged as a serious problem in past decade (Anonymous, 2005). (Singh, 1998) first time reported the wilt disease of chili caused by Fusarium spp. Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. moniliforme and F. pallidoroseum have been reported as the wilt causing agents from chili growing areas but in India F. oxysporum and F. solani are the most prevalent species of Fusarium found associated with wilt disease of chili (Madhukar, 2004). Fusarium oxysporum have been previously identified as the pathogens causing wilt disease in chili. Recently, a new fungal pathogen F. equiseti has been reported as the causal agent of wilt disease infecting chili. DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing were performed on the various diseased plants to isolate the fungus. DNA barcoding using the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) was used to identify the pathogen followed by the pathogenicity test. Further confirmation of the pathogen was done by sequencing of transcription elongation factor (TEF) and Calmodulin (CAL2).

Indian agriculture faces formidable challenges, including climate change, resource depletion, and diminishing productivity, jeopardizing the livelihoods of small and marginal farmers who constitute over 86% of the farming community. This paper advocates for a paradigm shift towards diversified farming systems to address these multifaceted issues. The study emphasizes the integration of crops with complementary enterprises such as dairy, sheep, poultry, horticulture, and fisheries. Diversification offers numerous advantages, including risk reduction, resilience to climate change, soil health improvement, biodiversity conservation, and cultural value preservation. The research analyzes various farming systems in different regions of India, demonstrating that integration leads to higher net income and employment generation. Despite potential challenges like limited market demand and infrastructure issues, the benefits of diversified farming outweigh the drawbacks. This paper underscores the importance of tailoring diversified farming systems to be socially acceptable, environmentally friendly, and economically viable, promoting sustainability and contributing to the well-being of farmers and the broader community.